When to Use Already and Yet in English for ESL Students

The words  already  and  yet  are common words in English that generally refer to an event that has or has not happened before another event in the past or present: She hasnt finished her assignment yet. The event has not been completed up to the present moment in time. Jennifer had already eaten by the time he arrived. The event occurred before another event took place. Present Perfect Both already and yet refer to  activities that have or havent occurred before the present moment in time. In both cases, the adverb  recently  could be substituted with the same meaning: I have already finished my lunch. Ive recently finished my lunch. Have you seen Tom yet? Have you seen Tom recently? They havent visited Rome yet. ï » ¿They havent visited Rome recently. Referring to a Past Event Already is used to indicate that something that happened before the moment of speaking. However, it refers to something that affects the present moment in time. Lets take a look at a few examples: I have already finished the report. This sentence could be used to express the idea that I finished the report and it is ready to read now. She has already seen that film. This sentence might express that the woman saw the film in the past, so she has no desire in the present moment to see the film. They have already eaten. This sentence would probably be used to state that they are no longer hungry. The key to using already is to remember that an action that has happened in the past  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  often in the recent past  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  affects the present moment or a decision about the present moment in time. Therefore, already  and  yet  are  used with the present perfect tense. Sentence Placement Already is placed between the auxiliary verb have  and the participle form of the verb. It is used in the positive form and should not be used in the negative: Subject have / has already past participle objects I have already seen that film.Mary has already been to Seattle. Incorrect usage: I have seen already that film. Already is generally not used in the question form. However, when expressing surprise in a rhetorical question it is sometimes used in informal conversations and added to the end of the sentence: Have you eaten already?!Have you finished already?! Asking Questions Yet is used to check whether something has occurred up to the present moment: Have you seen that film yet?Has Tim done his homework yet? Yet  is generally used to ask about something closer to the present moment. Yet is often used when someone expects something to have occurred before the moment of speaking: Have you finished that report yet? ï » ¿In this case, a colleague expects the report to be finished soon. Question Placement Yet is always placed at the end of a question. Notice that yet is not used with question words as questions with yet are yes/no questions: Have subject past participle objects yet ? Have you finished that report yet?Has she bought a new car yet? Negative Form Yet is also used in the negative to express that something that is expected has not yet happened. In this case, yet is placed at the end of the sentence. Subject have not / has not past participle objects yet She hasnt finished the report yet.Doug and Tom havent telephoned yet. With the Past Perfect Already can also be used with the past perfect to express that something had happened before something else: She had already eaten when he arrived.Jackson had already done his homework when he was asked for help. With the Future Perfect Already is also used with the future perfect to express that something will have been completed before something else occurs: She will have already finished the paperwork before the meeting.Frank will have already prepared the report by the time the boss asks for it. Coordinating Conjunction Finally,  yet  can also be used as a coordinating conjunction with the same meaning as  but  to connect two simple sentences into one. Place  yet  after a comma to introduce a dependent clause: Theyd like to go to that new restaurant, yet they cant get a reservation.ï » ¿Hed already bought tickets to the play, yet he wasnt able to attend the performance.

Critical Thinking And Relational Ethics Essay - 942 Words

Critical Thinking and Relational Ethics in Nursing Practice: A Case Study Analysis A registered nurse s role in patients recovery post surgery is greatly related to the concepts of relational ethics and critical thinking, which are inherent in every interaction between human beings. These concepts will be described and then used to analyze a case study of a patient s experience with health-care. Associated research will be used to support the case study analysis. What Are Relational Ethics and Critical Thinking? Critical Thinking The ability to think critically is vital to a nurse s role as nurses are faced with constant decision-making in which the answers are often not completely clear or definitive but the consequences of which affect human lives. Critical thinking involves the use of a specific thought process to guide complex clinical decision-making (Arnold Boggs, 2011). According to Arnold and Boggs (2011), to apply critical thinking, one must: clarify concepts, identify his or her own values, integrate data and identify missing data, obtain new data, identify the significant problem, examine skeptically, apply criteria, generate options and look at alternatives, consider whether factors change if the context changes, make the final decision. Barriers include attitudes, habits, cognitive dissonance, and clashing of personal and professional values. Some important characteristics to a nurse being able to think critically are: the ability to reflect onShow MoreRelatedChristian Theolo gy And Feminist Theology1699 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence how a person approaches their own theology. Considered a â€Å"prolific theologian,† Stanley Grenz was a leader among evangelical theologians (Warner, 2005, p. 42). 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(as cited in Downey, D., Porter, S., 2009). God is an intelligent, creative, relational Being. God created all that exists (Gen 1-2) and right from the beginning God affirmed and blessed man’s participation in His creation (Gen 1:28-30, Gen 2:19-20). He created man in His image (Gen 1:26-27, 2:7) and for His fellowship (Gen 3:9)Read MoreEssay on Working at Relational Depth2600 Words   |  11 PagesIMPACT HAS THE RELATIONAL APPROACH, AS DESCRIBED IN ‘BEYOND EMPATHY’ AND MEARNS AND COOPER’S ‘WORKING AT RELATIONAL DEPTH’, HAD ON YOUR CLIENT WORK. ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWER WITH REFERENCE TO A SINGLE SESSION WITH A CLIENT. Introduction This essay will be looking at the importance of relational depth and further more I will attempt to demonstrate my growing awareness of my relationship with my clients and how it has impacted on my client work. What is Relational depth? Relational Depth comes

Escape of the Gymnasium Free Essays

As I sat in a managerial meeting, nervously taking the wrath from demanding hierarchy management, my mind began to drift back to an incident in my early childhood†¦ â€Å"Nice shot Shrimps!† There I was shooting the basketball in gym class, all five foot four inches, 125 pounds of me. I am known as â€Å"Shrimps,† but my real name is Donald I am a small kid, with the heart of a kitten. Patiently waiting for the school bell to ring, to notify me and the rest of the school it was time to go home for the day and come back again in a week and half, I could hardly wait to get home and show my parents my straight A report card. We will write a custom essay sample on Escape of the Gymnasium or any similar topic only for you Order Now It seemed like two life times had passed already, but I was still stuck there waiting to hear the ring of the damn bell. All of a sudden, I realized Lenord was headed into my vicinity. My pulse began to race, sweat dripping from my forehead; I continued to shoot the basketball. Soon I became scared, so scared I thought I was going to wet myself. The threat was real, very real, but this wasn’t the first time I’d been in danger and sure seemed like it wouldn’t be the last. I can still see him even now, with a crystal clear vivid image of him. How could anyone forget what he looked like? Everyone in the school knew him as J Dog, but behind the slang name J Dog, he was known to all too many as Lenord. Lenord was double the size of any average Joe his age, standing tall looking over the top of his peer’s heads desperately awaiting someone to step in his way. J Dog, the big fat aggressive pain in everyone’s bottom, the school bully. J Dog was always with four of his immediate peers. J Dog generally picked fights with weaker students. He would abuse them with his strength and powerful vocal cords, which built his ego on his victims. For nearly the past seven years I have watched him and his four man mafia pick on younger boys. I can not even count the times on my twenty fingers and toes that I was the onlooker, watching sadly from the â€Å"birds eye view,† waiting for their time to come and be put in their place. One incident I witnessed was when J Dog and his four man mafia picked a fight with a varsity football player. As I observed the attack through the bathroom stall the fight seemed too unfair. J Dog and his crew attacked the peer in the boys’ bathroom. They all took their turns aggressively punching and kicking the peer. I sat in the stall curled up on the toilet, bracing myself nearly feeling every blow. Showing no remorse they continued on their brutal attack until they seemed too tired to go on. The fight ended with a vicious kick to the face by J Dog. Constantly and repetitively J Dog and his crew moved away from the school handbook and the countless school policies that it entailed. Yes indeed I knew what they were doing, as well as everyone else at the school including the school staff, but no one took the time to create a peaceful environment. It just seemed that no one would stand up to their mischievous behavior. I never understood why this was this way. Why do we all sit here back on our heels and watch this reckless’ abandon go on with his terror? We were all equally guilty, guilty as J Dog and his fellow perpetrators. The longer we stood back and accepted their behavior and the longer they were able to rage throughout the school, the stronger they became. This was not a good thing for me, or for the entire school. J Dog and his four brotherhood boys came for me one spring morning. In fact it was the last day of school prior to a well anticipated eleven day Easter break. I’d been playing basketball with a few of my peers in the schools’ gymnasium. Looking on the other side of the gym behind a set of bleachers, sat J Dog and his fellow four up to no good teasing and laughing at fellow students. The obnoxious jerk himself, Lenord, and his four manned mafia soon came to the side of the gym where I was playing basketball. Before I had the chance to warn my friends I heard abruptly, â€Å"Donald, you four-eyed worthless piece of shit,† the bully said. â€Å"It’s your turn.† My heart hit rock bottom, feeling myself gasp for air, I asked myself â€Å"oh no here we go, I think it is my turn to be plum bulled, or isn’t it?† Such simple words, so much unsaid. I didn’t need any further explanations. I knew what they wanted and it was not their sanity back. As mentioned earlier I’d seen others after they’d had their turn. It was never a pretty sight. Too many times over the years I have witnessed the brutal attacks on my fellow classmates. In time they would have progressed beyond schoolyard aggression, sinking lower into the anti-social status of the criminal underworld. They’d never be leaders of any kind, just straight up thugs. They’d been well schooled in this art. I had never once in my life been in a fight. Well unless my sister counts? To say I was scared of the upcoming attack would have been an understatement. I was petrified. I knew if I was not careful in what I said or did I may end up dead. As I sat there overshadowed by five ruthless thugs, I knew that even in a fair fight I couldn’t possibly win. Other students swirled around us, isolating our little group. It was well known everyone in the oval knew of the intended attack. Sweating profusely, I was nearly drowned in my own sweat, knowing what was waiting for me, wondering why he didn’t just lash out and end this mockery, this teasing. I did not even realize then that he’d had to work himself into a frenzy so he could just hit, and hit, and hit. â€Å"What’s up, Shrimps? Don’t you want your pretty boy face all smashed up like everyone else in this school? Or will you be upset because you will need a face lift?† As I sat there I could only think of dumb things like this girl name Ashley sucking her thumb and my friend telling me to imagine my peers naked while giving a speech. Only the sight of these two things registered on my numbed, frightened brain. â€Å"Why don’t you leave me alone? Go annoy someone else.† I took the basketball and dropped it at my feet. â€Å"Are you throwing the basketball at me, Shrimps?† He snorted, searching for any excuse to start a fight with me. I didn’t want to give him an excuse. He stood there warlike; hands on hips, wearing his all blue attire. His stomach fat erupted through ragged holes in his once blue t-shirt. Supporting the color blue was what J Dog felt was the holiest color known to mankind. â€Å"Don’t be silly, I just dropped it at my feet,† I whined, not at all mentally prepared for the brutal assault. â€Å"I know you didn’t just call J Dog silly,† one of his collogues shouted. â€Å"Or I’ll flatten you myself. Come on J Dog, give the idiot a reason to talk back and let’s get the hell out of here. It is just too hot in here to have to put up with all of this shit,† he added as he grinded his teeth, showing the enormous gap in his bottom teeth, so enormous I could kick a field goal through it. â€Å"You call me silly, did you? You’re nothing but a poor excuse for human life. You can run to the teachers all you like, see, I am not afraid of them.† Thoughts began to race inside me. I wondered why school authorities put up with him. Too many times Lenord and his four mates’ behavior were over looked. School fights happened; sometimes students went home a little worse for wear. I could not help to notice that in a mere two minutes the bell would sound. Thinking to myself will that bell ever ring and let me out of this mess I got myself into? I responded to this coward known to too many as J Dog, â€Å"I didn’t call you silly; I just said I did not throw the basketball at you.† I was answered by a heavy push in the chest, the first sign of physical violence. Staggering back, it was followed by another massive blow from the aggressive J Dog. He stepped back up to me, face to face, as J Dogs four amigos stood close beside him, crowding me like flies on dead carcass. â€Å"Won’t you stay and fight?† He spit little specks of salvia at me but I dared not acknowledge them. â€Å"Bloody little coward.† He’d been right; I was a coward, so scared I couldn’t run, even if I wanted to, even if there’d been somewhere to go and get away from the mess I was in. I silently choked back sobs, fighting to hold back tears of terror. The panic controlled me; I stood there looking like a buffoon right in front of Lenord, his four friends, my best friend, twenty other students, and one especially hot girl named Cindy. Again the palms of his massive hands stabbed at my chest and, again, I staggered back. I felt the impact of his hands long after they’d abruptly returned to his hips. The five men closed back up on me as we danced further away from the gymnasium bleachers or what I like to call protection from a fall and embarrassment. I felt my grip on reality slipping further and further away. Others were here to only see another beating set forth by J Dog and to witness my shame. Not that J Dog and his mates wouldn’t let everyone know how well, or poorly, I took the abuse. There was a certain honor in taking your licking like a man. I hadn’t felt like a man, and had been sure there was little honor in J Dog. However, I couldn’t hide for the rest of my life. It had been time to stop the hopelessness and stand up for myself and for the rest of the school population. It had to be all or nothing. I preferred nothing, but in the back of my head I wanted nothing more than to set the example. Putting on a brave face, I firmed my voice and looked the outsized buffoon in the eye. â€Å"I know you can beat me like a red headed step daughter, I don’t doubt it at all.† As the jittered mess in my voice came out I wanted to look and feel confident in what I said to this animal. â€Å"But Lenord,† I added, â€Å"Just remember one thing. When I hit the ground, so too will your front teeth, you worthless coward. I’ll get one punch in, you know I will, and that punch will be directed right for your front teeth. When I am done with you, you will no longer look like the donkey you look and smell like now! Is beating me up worth losing your front teeth?† I was being optimistic, I doubted that I could even get in one punch; I doubted even if delivered I could have knocked out any of his teeth. The reaction from the overweight J Dog was almost priceless. Suddenly it was the bully who backed off, looked lost, looked everywhere but at his bewildered fellows or me. â€Å"Er†¦ er†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he stuttered, â€Å"you’re not worth the effort, you are just a waste of my breath, you little crap headed pansy. I wouldn’t waste my spit on you. You better get away from me before I change my mind and pound the crap out of you.† Now I was the one standing aggressively, hands on hips, watching the fast disappearing of the other bullies as they soon walked away in disbelief. Cocky in my arrogance, I spit out a final mouth of spit in their vicinity. It had been the most rewarding victory of my life, standing there on that field of honor, knowing that I had conquered the mighty, invincible J Dog. I wanted to shout it out to the rest of the school and let everyone in the school district know of J Dog’s defeat. My mind switched off that near death episode, back to the present, to the here and now. Hierarchy management surrounded me, trying to pressure me and abide to their will. Tacky school clothes were replaced with tailored business suits, the overt threat of violence with an undercurrent of raw power. Things hadn’t changed. As before, I was the underdog, the potential victim. These smiling men were planning on beating me far worse than the luckless J Dog could ever have imagined. Here I was fighting for my life, my work life, and for the future of my family and myself. I could lose everything. I felt too old to start everything all over again. These smiling piranhas had planned on chewing me up and spitting out the bones. I had to fight for myself and for what I knew was right, and it was time to either stand up and fight their smirking aggression, or lie down and die like a dog. I thought again of J Dog the bully, remembering how quickly he’d collapsed after I stood in his way of destruction. Clearing my throat, I looked straight in the owner’s eyes. â€Å"This is what should happen,† I began, as an idea rushed into my mind. Fully knowing what I was going to say, I continued as I spilled out the beans. How to cite Escape of the Gymnasium, Papers

Case Study Construction of Quota Park Pathway †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Construction of Quota Park Pathway. Answer: Introduction The application of the continuous improvement plan within the project allows in improving the quality and standard of the undertake project. According to Goetsch, and Davis, (2014), the project manager needs to identify the particular area of improvement within the project for the achieving the particular level of quality within the project. Improving the particular quality in the project allowed in ensuring the customer satisfaction. In this assignment, the construction of the shared pathway in Quota Park has been considered as the required construction project involved in the implementation of the continuous improvement plan (Dannapfel, Poksinska, and Thomas, 2014). The construction of the shared pathway is sponsored by Mackay regional council for the construction of a shared footpath inside the Quota Park. Continuous Improvement Plan The application PCDA model is one of the classical approach for including the continuous improvement plan within the project (Aziz, and Hafez, 2013). The use of PDCA methods enables incremental improvement in the project quality and standard. The process of PDCA includes four major phases including planning, doing, checking and acting. Plan: The plan module of the PDCA model allows the project manager to identify the particular area that required the improvement for meeting the particular standard within the project (Santos, Wysk, and Torres, 2014). The project manager evaluates and analysis the various processes and techniques of theproject management plan and methodology for identification of the improvement scope within the project. The planning of the improvement plan is developed with the collaboration of all the team members working in the project (Andersen, Rvik, and Ingebrigtsen, 2014). The project manager developed a detailed plan for implementing the identified scope of improvement that will be established over the next phase of PDCA model. Do: The approval of the developed planning in the Plan Phase of the PDCA model initiated this particular phase (Modi, and Thakkar, 2014). In this phase, the approved plan are being executed to achieve the required level of quality. Check: After the implementation of the required modification the project manager continuously monitors and evaluates the impact and quality of the change implemented in the project. Act: This includes the last phase of the PDCA cycle that determines whether the implemented change is successful in improving the quality of the undertaken project (Martin, and Osterling, 2014). Procedural Documents Required in Improvement Plan During the establishment and development of continuous improvement plan for the Quota Park Shared Pathway Establishment project, the project manager needs to follow and record the information obtained during the project (McCarthy, and Rich, 2015). The development of proper documentation during the construction project ensures the proper flow of information among the team members and effective establishment of the plans (Merlino et al., 2015). The following are the examples of procedural documents that will be used during the improvement plan of Quota Park Project. Procurement Documents Importance Project Charter Project charter is one of the significant document required during the project improvement plan (Tyagi et al., 2015). The detailed project charter includes the requirements and scope of developing the shared pathway in Quota Park. The project charter is reviewed and approved by the Mackay regional council. Therefore, the application of the project charter ensures that that improvement plan follows and achieves the project deliverable and scope. Project ManagementPlan Theproject management plan illustrated the required plan, techniques and procedure that needs to be followed during the construction of the shared pathway in Quota Park. Project Management Plan demonstrates the applicant of the waterfall model for the construction project. Therefore, during the improvement process, the project manager needs to follow the waterfall project development technique (Dennis, 2016). In addition to that, the application of the project management documents assist the project team in developing the improvement plan while ensuring the elimination of the risks identified in the procedural documents. Project Risk Management Documents Risk Management documents developed during the project allows the project manager to identify the risks associated in the path construction with the possible relevant mitigation plan for eliminating or reducing the impact of the risks. Following the risk document during the improvement plan, assist the construction team to avoid the possible risks through the improvement plan and implementation of the pathway improvement process. Project Budget and Schedule documents The project schedule and budget documents are developed during the project planning phase. The required schedule and budget estimated for the construction of the shared pathway are included within this document (Gfu, Ionescu, and Teodorescu, 2014. During the improvement planning, the project manager needs to include the allocated budget and time for completing the improvement for the quota park pathway. Internal Audits The construction of the shared pathway for the Quota park involves significant amount of financial amount that is being sponsored by the Mackay regional council. The continuous improvement plan aims at ensuring the proper quality of the process followed during the construction (Thirkell, and Ashman, 2014). The application of the internal audits allows the project manager in documenting the area and scope that can be improved during the construction project. Quality Documents The project is continuously reviewed and quality of the path is under continuous monitoring and analysis. The quality report includes and identified that required area, process and techniques that is followed during the construction of the Quota Park having the possibility of improvement (Chaplin, and ORourke, 2014). The quality documents allows the project manager to plan for the particular are included in the continuous development process. Improvement Plan used in Quota Park Project The application of the lean improvement plan aims at including sustainable project management culture and leadership commitment for the construction of the shared pathway in the Quota Park. The proper application of procedure and principle of the lean methodology helps in achieving required efficiency, quality and safety during the construction of the shared pathway in Quota Park. For the improvement of the construction project, the project manager needs to identify and implement five significant principles in according to the lean thinking process (Clark, 2016). The following are the principles that needs to be implemented during the improvement plan of the shared pathway: Value Specification: The value specification process in the construction project helps in the identification of the customer need and activities that needs to be performed in the project. The project manager in this phase, evaluated the requirements and scope as identified and approved by Mackay regional council for the construction of the shared pathway. From the project assessment, the constriction of the shared pathway requires the installation of signage, paving, fencing, turf, concrete footpaths and pipe culverts while ensuring the environment, safety and traffic management at the Quota Park. Value Stream Identification: The Value Stream Identification in the project allows the project manager to identify the process, tools and areas that are not required in the project and eliminate them from the project plan (Poksinska, Fialkowska-Filipek, and Engstrm, 2017). Therefore, during the construction planning of the improvement plan, the project manager identifies the various process in the construction methods that are not required for the successful completion of the shared pathway. In this construction project, the project manager continuously change the project plan when something goes wrong during the project. During the construction phase, the use of unnecessary process, material transportation, labor workforce movement, and the storage of materials required for construction. The project manager ensures the proper evaluation of the time and budget provided to the construct for ensuring the required quality of the constructed pathway. Flow: Ensuring the flow of the construction process and improvement methodology allows the project team to focus on delivering the quality of the pathway constructed during the project. The project manager of the Quota Park construction project ensures that the required raw materials including concrete materials, fencing materials, pipe culverts materials required for the complete construction of the shared pathway. This allowed in the identification of the value stream within the Quota Park construction project. Pull: The principle of pull methodology needs to be applied instead of push for the construction of the shared pathway. This allowed the project manager to plan and construct the shared pathway with the exact requirement as mentioned by the Mackay regional council. In addition to that, this particular principle allows the construct team to incorporate any modification or new requirement in the shared pathway construction. This results in the time reduction and application of Just in Time project management tool for ensuring the completion of the shared pathway within the allocated time and budget. Perfection: The application of the perfection solution in the construction of the shared pathway within the Quota pathway enables the application of the continuous improvement plan in the construction project enables the construction team to deliver the pathway construction while ensuring the requirement and specification of Mackay regional council for developing the shared pathway. For meeting the required specification and Mackay regional councils satisfaction, the project manager ensure effective and continuous communication through the effective communication channel throughout the project. The application of the lean thinking process in the construction of the pathway in the Quota Park aims at minimizing the waste materials while ensuing the environment, safety and traffic management during the construction of the shared pathway. The application of the lean thinking procedure helps in increasing the effectiveness and productivity of the construction project. The significant determinants of the pathway construction of the Quota Park Pathway is to increase the labor flow and workflow reliability as the increment of the construction of the shared pathway. The project manager needs to apply concurrent engineering process for ensuring parallel execution of the construction work. The project manager would allocate multidisciplinary project team for obtaining the required productivity, quality of the required shared pathway. Project Manager uses Pert and CPM Network Analysis for appropriately scheduling the construction process and techniques. Furthermore, conducting the over lapping activities and parallel tasks during the construction of the pathway allows the completion of the entire project within the allocated and scheduled time. The application of the concurrent engineering focuses on the information sharing, communication and enhancing the team effort during the construction of the pathway. The project needs to incorporate the use of daily meetings and brainstorming sessions to share various views and ideas for improving the quality of the construction process. Furthermore, the project manager needs to ensure safety of the construction team and work environment at the construction location of the Quota Park. The alignment of the safety process and techniques during the construction procedure allows the project manager in reducing the environment pollution during the construction procedure. The modification of the quality based on conformance to the quality developed from the source can be identified with the application of the Quality Management T ools. The application of the TQM tools and techniques allowed in the evaluation and deification of the obtained quality needed for the construction of the Quota Park shared pathway. Furthermore, for ensuring the quality and improving the standard of the construction project, the project manager applies the visual inspection tools for identifying the uneven nature of the pathway and construction of the path. The modification of the pathway with the acceleration of the construction processes while ensuring the elimination of the possible risks ensures in achieving the required quality in the construction project. The project manager needs to regularly monitor and control the quality of the process and techniques used for the construction of the shared pathway in the Quota Park for effective continuous improvement plan. Conclusion The implementation of the lean thinking process for ensuring the continuous improvement plan for the construct of the shard pathway in the Quota Park allowed in improving and monitoring the quality of the construction project. Since, Quota Park project involved the construction of a pathway, the implementation of the improvement project involves the continuous monitoring and assessment of the quality during the improvement plan. The illustrated plan for improving the quality and pathway standard helps in ensuring the required quality of the undertaken construction project. References Andersen, H., Rvik, K.A. and Ingebrigtsen, T., 2014. Lean thinking in hospitals: is there a cure for the absence of evidence? A systematic review of reviews.BMJ open,4(1), p.e003873. Aziz, R.F. and Hafez, S.M., 2013. Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement.Alexandria Engineering Journal,52(4), pp.679-695. Chaplin, L. and TJ ORourke, S., 2014. Lean Six Sigma and marketing: a missed opportunity.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,63(5), pp.665-674. Clark, D., 2016. Quality improvement in basic histotechnology: The lean approach.Virchows Archiv,468(1), pp.5-17. Dannapfel, P., Poksinska, B. and Thomas, K., 2014. Dissemination strategy for Lean thinking in health care.International journal of health care quality assurance,27(5), pp.391-404. Dennis, P., 2016.Lean Production simplified: A plain-language guide to the world's most powerful production system. CRC Press. Gfu, D., Ionescu, D. and Teodorescu, M., 2014. Design of a stable system by lean manufacturing.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (28), pp.61-69. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Martin, K. and Osterling, M., 2014.Value stream mapping: how to visualize work and align leadership for organizational transformation. McGraw-Hill. McCarthy, D. and Rich, N., 2015.Lean TPM: a blueprint for change. Butterworth-Heinemann. Merlino, J.P., Petit, J., Weisser, L. and Bowen, J., 2015. Leading with Lean: Getting the outcomes we need with the funding we have.Psychiatric Quarterly,86(3), pp.301-310. Modi, D.B. and Thakkar, H., 2014. Lean thinking: reduction of waste, lead time, cost through lean manufacturing tools and technique.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,4(3), pp.339-334. Poksinska, B.B., Fialkowska-Filipek, M. and Engstrm, J., 2017. Does Lean healthcare improve patient satisfaction? A mixed-method investigation into primary care.BMJ Qual Saf,26(2), pp.95-103. Santos, J., Wysk, R.A. and Torres, J.M., 2014.Improving production with lean thinking. John Wiley Sons. Thirkell, E. and Ashman, I., 2014. Lean towards learning: Connecting lean thinking and human resource management in UK higher education.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(21), pp.2957-2977. Tyagi, S., Cai, X., Yang, K. and Chambers, T., 2015. Lean tools and methods to support efficient knowledge creation.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), pp.204-214.

Arangetram free essay sample

The music began, the audience fell silent, and it was show time. I was about to give one of the most important performances of my life. For a Bharatanatyam dancer, an Arangetram is a graduation ceremony that marks the transition from novice to professional. From the age of seven, I have been taking classes in this Indian classical dance, and it had all led up to this day. When I made the decision to work towards my Arangetram, I knew that it would take years of single-minded commitment. The grueling preparatory classes tested my dedication and endurance. As I got closer to the day, the mental and physical demands continued to increase. Practices would last for hours on end, and I had to continue putting in the maximum amount of effort day after day. After two years of ongoing practice, the day of the Arangetram finally arrived. The curtains went up and I danced harder than I had ever danced before. We will write a custom essay sample on Arangetram or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All eyes were on me for three full hours. No matter how tired I got, I continued to do my best. All the long hours of practice really paid off. That day, I performed in front of over 300 people. While it was exhilarating, it also felt surreal because I couldn’t believe that something I had worked towards for the past ten years was over. Looking back, I learned many important things along the way. Throughout the Arangetram preparation process, I learned the importance of hard work and dedication. In the end, everything came together as I put on the best show of my life. This experience has taught me valuable life lessons about setting lofty goals and persevering to achieve them. I now have the confidence that when I set a goal, I will achieve it.

Ralf Waldo Emerson essays

Ralf Waldo Emerson essays Ralph Waldo Emerson was one of greatest writers of the 19th century, and being a Transcendentalist, he was a firm believer in nature and using ones instincts rather than reason. His point of view is one that could help our society today. Emerson once said, The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. I feel he is trying to say that best thing about doing something well, is the fact that you did it. A lot of times today people choose not to do something because it is bothersome to them. If they would just see how great it is once they have accomplished it, it wouldnt be so difficult to begin. Many people are not in very good shape. They know they should go out and run or exercise in some way to take better care of themselves, but they dont do anything about it because exercise is difficult. Although after completing a good workout they feel great. Emersons quote could be an inspiration for many to accomplish things they continue to put off. Another of Emersons quotes, which coincides with the first is, Hitch your wagon to a star. In this statement, he is saying to aim high, or try to do the best you possibly can. When someone sets a goal for himself or herself, they should try to surpass their highest expectations, and no just barely complete it. Students would do better in school, and workers would achieve more in their jobs. Like other writers of his time, Emerson wrote to inspire people. The transcendentalists believed in inspiration and ecstasy, among many others. Not too many people have heard this type of viewpoint, but it would motive them to do better in life. Just by getting up and doing something that has been put off and having high hopes for it, someone could be more confident and do more in life. ...

The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to Dissertation

The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to lead organizational change - Dissertation Example The purpose of the paper "The differences between male and female leaders in approaches taken to lead organizational change" is to further investigate and explore the behavioral side of male and female leaders when it comes to implementing organizational change. It helps managers map, evaluate, and overcome barriers that underlie the organizational improvement paradox. It is expected that organizational changes occur with change in leadership style and these lead to performance benefits for a unit as well as for the firm as a whole. Organizational improvement is often hindered by barriers to the change efforts and is more apparent in organizations where the firm has multiple units and levels. Although it is recognized that men and women are more similar than different, the differences that exist along the biological, neurological and psychological dimensions seem to affect both the genders in their performance and leadership in organizations. Thus, this study focuses on researching i f there are gender specific differences in leadership styles and management approaches and how do those differences affect the implementation of organizational change. The importance of this topic has increased due to the growth of female professionals and leaders in the workforce in recent years. The fundamental differences in the ways of thinking and behavior between male and female leaders stem from the nature of genetics, external environment, social and cultural experiences, history and trends, and government regulations.

A Study of Partnering Sustainability in Construction Industry Essay

A Study of Partnering Sustainability in Construction Industry (Dissertation Proposal) - Essay Example In recent times, multi-stakeholder sustainable partnership has become the norm for major world industries. It is therefore of the essence that the construction industry stays abreast with the partnering sustainability movement. As a matter of fact, partnering for sustainability in the construction industry is not a preserve of the government but also all the private stakeholders in the industry. Partnering sustainability efforts in the construction and other sectors thus combine governments, non-governmental organisations and private players in the sector (Graham-Rowe, 2012). As a consequence of this inclusive partnering, stakeholders have been able to exploit the emerging opportunities for extensive and comparable sustainable construction technique and new theoretical and empirical insights into the sustainable construction. There are several reasons for which construction organisations should embrace sustainable partnering practices. First, an organisation’s partners are its extension, making it necessary that firms collaborate with others with similar corporate social responsibilities (Soederbaum, 2008). This research will therefore explore the concept of partnering sustainability in construction industry. ... Second, the paper aims to establish whether partnering sustainability is beneficial to all the industry’s stakeholders by strengthening brand for firms, increasing employee engagement and employer respect and enhancing client trust. Third, the paper aims at establishing the economic importance of partnering that emphasizes social and environmental sustainability in the construction industry. Fourth, the project will explore the strategic advantages of aligning one’s construction firm with partners that embrace good corporate citizenship. Problem Statement This project has been prompted by the numerous partnership challenges that the construction industry faces. First, the industry is in dire need of reforms as far as partnerships for sustainability, growth and productivity is concerned. Therefore, how, when and what should be done to improve the framework for sustainable multi-stakeholder partnership are some of the problem areas that prompted this study. Second, organi sations and their institutions that support sustainable partnership and development need to be reformed and reorganized to provide better services for partnerships for sustainable developments (Neumayer et al, 2007). The ineffectiveness of organizations such as the UN’s Commission on Sustainable Development has, to quite a large extent, hampered the formation of sustainable partnerships. Consequently, the public, governments, international organisations and private actors such as businesses and civil society groups have failed to pull their efforts together to implement sustainable partnerships and developments in the construction sector (Bennett &

Introduction to East Asian Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to East Asian Cinema - Essay Example The movie had a well structured thematic direction and representation of Chinese culture that it gained government’s approval. Despite application of modern settings within the film, it possesses some close similarities with ‘Journey to the West’, which was released in February 2013 by Chinese Huayi Brother’s film company. Yoo (2012) says that with respect to the moral story behind Jia’s film, one can develop an understanding that the director strives to create a contrast between two different cultures. In this regard, one can say that Jai’s film, ‘The World’, portrays a theme of clash of civilization witnessed in modern globalized societies. ‘Journey to the West’ resembles ‘The World’ in key elements constituting its thematic structure. The movie features the struggle between Chu, and Huen in an effort to retrieve lost treasures stolen by a western insurgent group. This film employs a traditional Chinese setting in its physical portrayal of scenery background. The film’s director develops a fantasy-action film creating a contrast between western extremists and traditional Chinese fighters. Ciecko (2010) says that unlike Jia’s film, ‘Journey to the West’ incorporates significant use of imagery and classical dialog in enhancing development of an fantasy filled movie, with typical crew members representing traditional Chinese art. On the contrary, Jia adopts local actors to play defined roles in showing interactions between Western world and Chinese cultures. Therefore, there is a pronounced similarity between thematic construction of ‘The World’ and that of ‘Journey to the West’. ... ‘Journey to the West’ entails depiction of Chu demonstrating his martial art skills in elaborately traditional Chinese stages. In this movie, cultural designs remain conspicuous in the attire and infrastructural development of Kung-fu stages used in fights. In addition, Huen demonstrates his exceptional ability to blend tragedy and comedy into the movie. In this context, ‘Journey to the West’ film contains some similarities with one of the East Asian movie watched in class. The movie, ‘The World’, captures most of its key scenes within Beijing’s World Park. This park lies squarely inside China’s mainland. Despite this fact, infrastructure development inside the park seeks to create an environment different from that of actual Chinese environment. The main aim of the unique constructions inside the park is meant to create an environment, where tourists would be able to view representation of the world inside a single tourist attract ion site. Ciecko (2010) says that the park’s entrance bares structures resembling typical Roman castles and Gothic sculptures. In addition, gardens inside the left side of the main entrance depict symbolic Italian landscape in terms of terrain and the grand staircase. Apart from these features at the entrance, the world’s perception in enhanced by presence of typical landmark features located in different nations around the globe. Within the movie, ‘Journey to the West’, one main actor named Xuan Zang seems to develop significant interest in the structural and physical appearances of infrastructure within the extremists warehouse facility. Commander Steward, the leader of the extremist group runs into Xuan admiring the city view from

Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depression

Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depression Mental Health: Simone Case Scenario Dual diagnosis, co morbidity and co-occurring disorders are terms often used interchangeably to describe mental ill health and substance abuse (drugs and/or alcohol) in various combinations. These disorders may occur at the same time or one may follow the other. Even though the diseases of mental illness and drug abuse are comorbid, causality is not implied and either condition may precede the other (Fortinash and Holoday Worret, 2012). The symptoms of one condition may mask or conceal the symptoms of the other, with either condition assuming priority at any given time. Alcohol is the most widely used drug. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) estimated in 2011 over 24% of people in England consume alcohol levels that are potentially or actually detrimental to health. The co morbidity of depression and alcohol dependence are two of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders affecting the general population. Evidence suggests that alcohol use disorders are linked to depressive symptoms and that alcohol dependence and depressive disorders co-occur to a larger degree than expected by chance. However, it is not clear whether the depression causes alcohol problems, whether the alcohol consumption or alcohol problems caused depression, or whether both could be attributed to a third cause (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2015). This assignment will consider the case scenario of Simone part time social worker, aged 43 with depression and alcohol abuse. Simone lives with her three children and the intervention of choice is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). This section will define CBT and its uses and adopt the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) toolkit (2013) to critically evaluate and discuss two CBT research articles in treating depression and alcohol abuse to evidence why this is an appropriate intervention for Simone. CBT is defined as a talking therapy that can help individuals manage their problems by changing the way they think and behave (Frances and Robson, 1997). Commonly used to treat a range of mental health issues including depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, but also deemed valuable in treating alcohol misuse, especially as part of an overall programme of recovery. The goal of cognitive behavioural therapy is to teach the person to become aware of incidences and situations which trigger the need to drink, to learn to avoid putting themselves in these situations and to develop coping strategies to deal with other problems and behaviours which may lead to drinking. Until recently the effectiveness of CBT for comorbid alcohol had not been studied, however, the first of two research articles will now be critically evaluated and discussed below. Developing an Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depression Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Osilla et al, 2009) is an American qualitative research article. The research goal was to design and develop a treatment programme for delivery by substance abuse counsellors in outpatient mental health settings. This was thought to be important because earlier research had indicated the effectiveness of CBT in depression and alcoholism separately. The research developed a group based integrated 18 session treatment plan involving 3 modules (thoughts, activities and people interactions) linking mood and alcohol use and provided strategies for identifying and modifying harmful thoughts and activities. Drawing on previous studies (Hepner, Watkins, Woo and Wiseman, 2006) they involved a treatment development team including researchers, clinicians, stakeholders and CBT experts. Recruited participants (N=7; 4 male, 3 female) were already enrolled in outpatient substance misuse treatmen t who had met the criteria for mild depression using the 9 item Patient Health Questionnaire with scores of 5 or > (no indication given whether other people had chosen not to take part as this sample is small). Client focus groups were conducted following the group treatment sessions led by two clinical psychologists who had observed the group sessions from behind a one way mirror, thus the methodology used is entirely appropriate for addressing the research goal. The article states that the clients provided informed consent but there is no information regarding how the research was explained to participants, whether ethical approval was sought or whether ethical standards were maintained. The data analyses consisted of the researchers reviewing notes and transcripts independently from the client focus groups to select, group and label salient issues that point to the acceptability of integrated CBT. Notable points with similar concepts were categorised if different participants had said the same things on a number of occasions over a given time frame e.g. comments which stated that alcohol and mood influenced each other. Underlying themes were generated from the data and quotes were analysed and identified that fitted each of the relevant themes. Each researcher independently sorted quotes by theme and together they reached a consensus on any discrepancies. Findings indicated that treatment was widely accepted by clients and counsellors. Clients stated that applying CBT skills help to treat both their depression and alcohol misuse whilst positively affecting other areas in their lives. Clients felt the treatment had built their confidence and the group process was helpful in learning from each other. The article produced no evidence of triangulation but stated that there were limitations to the study that affect the generalization of the results. The study evaluated a single case implementation, so future studies would be necessary to examine client views in several clinics over time with different treatment sessions in order to judge whether integrated treatment is truly acceptable and feasible given funding constraints. Clearly, integrated CBT for depression and alcohol misuse evaluated as being useful and beneficial but the research concluded that there is a need to develop more web based training or other innovative ways that effect ively train substance abuse counsellors to a reasonable standard with minimal costs to provide a unified CBT approach to manage comorbid depression and alcohol misuse. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Depression versus Relaxation Training for Alcohol – Dependent Individuals with Elevated Depressive Symptoms (Brown et al, 2011). The goal of this Rhode Island trial was to evaluate the efficacy of adding CBT versus relaxing training to partial hospital treatment for individuals misusing alcohol with elevated levels of depressive symptoms. This was deemed important because it was expected that the addition of CBT would result in reduced levels of depressive symptoms and in decreased quantity and regularity of alcohol use.166 men and women were recruited (aged 16 65 years) from an alcohol and drug treatment unit provided they met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders, Fourth Edition (2000) criteria for alcohol dependence and had a Beck Depression Inventory of 15 or more. Participants were informed about the study, consent was obtained and they were randomly assigned to receive 8 individual session s of CBT (n = 81) or relaxation training (n = 84). The article didnt mention whether the personnel were blinded. Treatment conditions did not differ on demographics, individual alcohol consumption or depression related variables. Results indicated significant improvement in depressive and alcohol use over time for all participants. Compared with the relaxation training, the CBT group had significantly reduced levels of depressive symptoms at the 6 week follow up as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. This effect was found to be inconsistent because there was no difference in the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale (MHRD) for Depression between conditions at that point in time or at any subsequent follow up. There was no significant in alcohol use between groups. The researchers were clearly disappointed that this study did not replicate the results of an earlier pilot study in 2007. However, plausible reasons given included the average length of hospital stay had reduced from 21.2 days to 3.9 resulting in treatment sessions being conducted in an outpatient setting making it difficult to compare results. The setting for this study was a private hospital with educated Caucasian patients and caution should be used in generalizing findings to populations with different characteristics. Interview data and treatment adherence had not been subject to reliability ratings. The need for the trial was clearly documented and further studies evaluating the efficacy of CBT in individuals with alcohol misuse and elevated depressive symptoms is required. Overall, the benefits outweighed the harm. Depressed people with alcohol misuse like Simone have complex needs which pervade every aspect of daily life including psychiatric, psychological, education, employment and social care. Supporting someone with depression and alcohol misuse is one of the biggest challenges facing mental health services (DH, 2006).Traditionally, substance misuse and mental health services developed separately but a national drug and alcohol dependence strategy was published in December 2010 (HMG, 2010), and a mental health strategy a few months later (HMG, 2011). Both strategies acknowledge the association between mental health problems and drug and alcohol problems. Successful outcomes for both problems need early intervention and effective joint working between drug and alcohol treatment and mental health services in integrated, recovery-oriented local systems. Furthermore, a NICE guideline (2011) includes principles of care, identification and assessment in all assessment areas and principles for in terventions, underpinned by best available evidence (due for review in 2015). Regarding impact on future practice, co morbidity requires nurses to adapt multiple roles in order to achieve a comprehensive level of care. A primary diagnosis isnt necessary as both depression and alcohol misuse can be treated simultaneously. A non judgemental, person centred approach recognising that treatment will be long term is required. Good communication skills with multiple professionals and services are essential. Clinical skills include specialist alcohol misuse assessments, mental health and risk assessments, the provision of specialist advice on reduction and harm minimisation, appropriate interventions, treatment advice to other care professionals and the ability to work in a multidisciplinary team. In practice, it is not possible for nurses to be an expert in all of the skills required, however they should have a working knowledge of some. Training is required to deliver comprehensive alcohol programmes through developing skills particularly in cognitive behavioural th erapy which seems to produce beneficial effects on both depression and alcohol outcomes. Bibliography Brown, A.B., Ramsey, S.E., Kahler, C.W., Palm, K.M., Monti, P.M., Abrams, D., Dubreuli,.M., Gordon,.A. and Miller.I.W. (2011) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Depression versus Relaxation Training for Alcohol – Dependent Individuals with Elevated Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72(2): 286-296 Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) Qualitative Research Check List. Oxford UK. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) Randomised Control Trial Check List. Oxford UK. Department of Health (2006) The Dual Diagnosis Good Practice. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (2000), 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association.Washington DC. Fortinash, K.M and Holoday Worret,P.A (2012) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th edition. Australia, Mosby. Frances, R. and Robson, M (1997) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Primary Care. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. London. Hepner, K.A, Watkins, K.E., Woo, S. and Wiseman, S. (2006) Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression in Substance Abusers: Substance Abuse and your Mood. Treatment Manual for non traditional providers. HM Government (2010). Drug Strategy 2010 Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply, Building Recovery: Supporting People to live a Drug Free life. HM Government (2011). No Health without Mental Health: A Cross-Government Mental Health Outcomes Strategy for People of all Ages. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2011) Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Osilla, K.C., Hepner, K.A, Munoz, R.F, Woos. S and Watkins, K. (2009) Developing and Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depressing Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37(4);412-420 Royal College of Psychiatrists (2015) Improving the Lives of People with Mental Illness (online) available from:  http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/alcoholdepression.aspx  (Accessed 13th April 2015) Lynskey,M.T.(1998 ) The comorbidity of alcohol dependence and affective disorders: treatment implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 52:201- 209 Miller, I.W.,Bishop,S.,Norman,W.H. and Maddever,H.(1995) The Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression;reliability and validity. Psychiatry Research 14: 131-142 Mitcheson, L., Maslin, J., Meynen, T., Morrison, T., Hill, R. and Wanigaratne, S. (2010). Applied Cognitive and Behavioural Approaches to the Treatment of Addiction: A Practical Treatment Guide. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care (2011), Statistics on Alcohol: England 2011. The Health and Social Care Information Centre. NICE (2007). NICE clinical guideline 51. Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Raistrick, D.,Heather, N and Godfrey. ,C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse. Weaver, T., Madden, P., Charles, V., Stimson, G., Renton, A., Tyrer, P., Barnes, T., Bench, C., Middleton, H., Wright, N., Paterson, S., Shanahan, W., Seivewright, N and Ford, C. (2003). Comorbidity of substance misuse and mental illness in community mental health and substance misuse services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 304-313.

The Passionate Shepherd Poems :: Poems Poetry Shepherds Essays

The Passionate Shepherd Poems The poems â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† (Marlowe), â€Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† (Raleigh), and â€Å"Song† (Lewis ) all focus on the same basic plot and characters but vary considerably in point of view and theme. This difference comes primarily through the difference in the poems’ speakers. A poor shepherd is the voice of both â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† and â€Å"Song.† However, the shepherds of the two poems feature almost opposite attitudes. The shepherd in â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† the original poem of the series, is a romantic idealist who paints beautiful pictures for the girl he loves of â€Å"beds of roses† and riches. In contrast, the shepherd in â€Å"Song† seems almost pessimistic. He too paints a picture for the girl he loves, but his is of hardship, toil, and bitterness, not beauty and love. This difference in attitude completely changes the light in which each of the poems is viewed. Because of the light-hearted, romantic tones of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† the reader experiences a similar dreamy, faraway mood. The reader of â€Å"Song†, however, feels only sadness and perhaps longing for a world of greater possibilities than the grim one the speaker describes in the poem. The speaker of â€Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† shines yet another light on the general plot of the poems. In this poem, we see a possible reply of the woman to the original â€Å"Passionate Shepherd† in the Christopher Marlowe poem. Unimpressed by the shepherds extravagant promises, she practically answers that such material things will fade and the only things valuable are the passionate and pure feelings of love in youth. If her shepherd could make these last, she might be moved to be his love. This poem evokes in the reader both feelings of romance (the nymph does seem as though she may care about the eloquent shepherd and want to be his love) and those of sadness (the nymph seems to want something more than what the shepherd may be able to offer her).

Painting: Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom in Arles

On a smaller canvas than two other similar paintings, Vincent Van Gogh carefully painted for the third time his bedroom in Arles, a charming town in the south of France, and thus created this approximately 22 ? x 29’’ artwork. In fact, Van Gogh made three almost identical paintings on the theme of his bedroom and are named  « Bedroom in Arles  ». The first one, kept at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is painted in October 1888. About a year after, Van Gogh made two copies: one of which is the same size and is preserved today at the Art Institute of Chicago. The third one is currently at De Young Museum in San Francisco (but originally belongs to the Musee d’Orsay in Paris) and is smaller than the others1. This oil painting on a linen canvas represents Van Gogh’s tidy bedroom. Nothing lets us think that this is the room of a painter. We do not know this because he does not display his painting equipment. Nothing lies around, not even a paint tube in a corner or a brush. This bedroom seems to be for relaxation and not for his work as a painter. Here, he could finally forget his fatigue, have some comfort, sleep in peace. The bed is thus the dominant subject of the painting, suggesting the importance of comfort and rest. By painting his bedroom where everything is in its place, the painter may also want to show that he is a very neat man who cares for himself, and who organizes his life in a reasonable manner. In addition to the prominent bed, this room exudes quietness and expresses, absolute rest by its various shades. Indeed, the room has beautiful shiny colors. In Holland, where the painter was born2, the weather is not always nice and the sky is therefore often gray. Here however, there are multiple vibrant colors that certainly illustrate the happy life he had in France. Perhaps he had come to Arles for the sun and for him, it was an immense joy to live in such bright bedroom, bursting with colors. What is also fascinating about this piece of art is how the painter highlights the simplicity of his bedroom through the medium of color:  « the pale lilac walls, the floor of an old brown, the chairs and bed chrome yellow, the blood red cover, the orange little table and the blue basin†, as the painter describes it. Van Gogh asserted that he wanted to express a complete rest by handling all these different shades2. The color black, which could be evocating a certain form of anguish, is almost nonexistent in this painting. Only the frame of the mirror and windows is black. We wonder if this could mean that Van Gogh was afraid of his future and afraid to face up to reality. This is a possibility. In fact, despite the evidence of his happiness, present in this painting, Van Gogh was not married2 and many clues here let us think that he wished to be. Although the bedroom is very sparsely furnished and only contains essential items (which shows, in addition to the choice of colors, a great simplicity), we notice that many of these objects go together in pairs (two pillows, two chairs, two portraits on the wall, two drawings, and even two doors). Thus, this painting on canvas was perhaps his way of expressing his wish to meet someone and that his bedroom was arranged so as to welcome her. But because it was just him in this bedroom, he certainly felt less lonely by doubling the objects. Van Gogh’s painting consists almost entirely of straight lines. This is reminiscent of a children’s coloring which would have been filled in with color pencils, because the edges of objects are bolder and their filling up seem almost slapdash, neglected. This elaborate post-impressionist design may be compared to such work as Georges Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (book p. 370). But whereas Van Gogh favored paintings composed of multiple thin brush strokes, Seurat preferred the use of the pointillism system, which consisted of â€Å"applying color to the canvas in tiny dots. 3† In this painting of Seurat, the color also focuses on hues. There are numerous colors too, their contrast is intense, and the sun shine, like in the Van Gogh’s bedroom, fills the picture, suggesting happiness and tranquility. Like Van Gogh, Seurat played with repetitive forms (the parasols, people in profile, trees, and boats). People in this piece are rigid. In fact, they do not seem to move, but on the contrary, seem to be strangely paralyzed, paralleling the furniture of Van Gogh’s bedroom. Strangely, Van Gogh’s furniture seems to be even more â€Å"alive† than the people in the Seurat’s painting. The two painters did not have the same approach when they decided which colors they wanted to illuminate their canvases; while Van Gogh was guided by his emotions and instant feelings, Seurat carefully analyzed the colors and â€Å"meticulously calculated values. † But in both pieces, Van Gogh and Seurat express their sense of organization by making objects, forms, motifs and colors coherent. To conclude, the mesmerizing, luminous colors, and the well organized motifs of the depiction of Van Gogh’s bedroom, were not the game of chance. Everything in this painting seems to echo the emotions of Van Gogh, expressing at the same time his happiness in Arles and the great pea ce and tranquility he felt there, but also his desire to find his soul mate, with who he could share his home and thus, reach happiness certainly even more.

processor essay Essay Example

processor essay Essay Example processor essay Essay processor essay Essay Every PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this acts as the brain of your system. It connects to the Motherboard and works alongside the other components processing many instructions at the same time between the different hardware and memory systems. Advancements in CPU technology now mean systems typically come with Dual Core, Triple core or Quad Core processors (on one single chip) instead of the traditional one core per chip. Now the total number of Cores can slot into a socket as before and a single heat sink and fan can keep everything to the right temperature. Types of processors: Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors The Intel Pentium processors with Intel dual-core technology deliver great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for everyday computing. Intel Dual Core 13 Processors Intel Core 13 dual core processors provide 4-way multitasking capability with built-in performance headroom for software upgrades. Intel Dual Core 15 Processors Intel Core 15 processors deliver the next level of productivity. With Intel Turbo Boost Technology this quad-core processor with 4-way multitasking capability delivers extra speed whenever you need. Intel Dual Core 17 Processors The Intel Core 17 processors deliver best-in-class performance for the most demanding applications. This quad-core processor features 8-way multitasking capability and additional L3 cache. My personal view is there is little difference between using both makes and have run many stable and fast systems using both makes. The AMD processors do tend to run hotter than the Intel versions, but with a suitable fan this is easily kept under control. How processors works: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Figure 1: The Central Processing Unit The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control enter that converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit (CPL]), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions. All computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit. As Figure 1 shows, the central processing unit consists of two parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has a specific function. BeTore we Olscuss tne control unlt ana tne arltnmetlc/loglc unlt In aetall, we need to consider data storage and its relationship to the central processing unit. Computers se two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU interacts closely with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. For this reason this part of the reading will discuss memory in the context of the central processing unit. Technically, however, memory is not part of the CPL]. Recall that a computers memory holds data only temporarily, at the time the computer is executing a program. Secondary storage holds permanent or semi- permanent data on some external magnetic or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM disks that you have seen with personal computers are secondary storage evices, as are hard disks. Since the physical attributes of secondary storage devices determine the way data is organized on them, we will discuss secondary storage and data organization together in another part of our on-line readings. Now let us consider the components of the central processing unit. 0 The Control Unit The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions. Like an orchestra leader, the control unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit The arithmetic/logic unit (ALL) contains the electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations. The arithmetic/logic unit can perform four kinds of arithmetic operations, or mathematical calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. As its name implies, the arithmetic/logic unit also performs logical operations. A logical operation is usually a comparison. The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special characters. The computer can then take action based on the result of the omparison. This is a very important capability. It is by comparing that a computer is able to tell, for instance, whether there are unfilled seats on airplanes, whether charge- card customers have exceeded their credit limits, and whether one candidate for Congress has more votes than another. Logical operations can test for three conditions: Equal-to condition. In a test for this condition, the arithmetic/logic unit compares two values to determine if they are equal. For example: If the number of tickets sold equals the number of seats in the auditorium, then the concert is declared sold out. Less-than condition. To test for this condition, the computer compares values to determine if one is less than another. For example: If the number of speeding tickets on a arlvers recoro Is less tnan tnree, tnen Insurance rates are $425; otnerwlse, tne rates are $500. Greater-than condition. In this type of comparison, the computer determines if one value is greater than another. For example: If the hours a person worked this week are greater than 40, then multiply every extra hour by 1. 5 times the usual hourly wage to compute overtime pay. A computer can simultaneously test for more than one condition. In fact, a logic unit can usually discern six logical relationships: equal to, less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, and not equal. The symbols that let you define the type of comparison you want the computer to perform are called relational operators. The most common relational operators are the equal sign(=), the less-than symbol(). Registers: Temporary Storage Areas Registers are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not a part of memory; rather they are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Registers work under the direction of the control unit to accept, hold, and transfer instructions or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at high speed. The control unit uses a data storage register the way a store owner uses a cash register-as a temporary, convenient place to store what is used in transactions. Computers usually assign special roles to certain registers, including these registers: An accumulator, which collects the result of computations. An address register, which keeps track of where a given instruction or piece of data is stored in memory. Each storage location in memory is identified by an address, Just as each house on a street has an address. A storage register, which temporarily holds data taken from or about to be sent to memory. A general-purpose register, which is used for several functions. Memory and Storage Memory is also known as primary storage, primary memory, main storage, internal storage, main memory, and RAM (Random Access Memory); all these terms are used interchangeably by people in computer circles. Memory is the part of the computer that holds data and instructions for processing. Although closely associated with the entral processing unit, memory is separate from it. Memory stores program instructions or data for only as long as the program they pertain to is in operation. Keeping these items in memory when the program is not running is not feasible for three reasons: Most types of memory only store items while the computer is turned on; data is destroyed when the machine is turned off. If more than one program is running at once (often the case on large computers and sometimes on small computers), a single program can not lay exclusive claim to memory. There may not be room in memory to hold the processed data.

The Debate of Illegal Immigration essays

The Debate of Illegal Immigration essays Illegal immigration has been an issue of passionate debate for several decades. Proponents claim illegal immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy by working jobs that Americans will not work. However, critics claim that illegal immigration has a devastating effect on the economy by not only taking jobs away from legal citizens but by overwhelming social services and that unsecured borders provide an open door for the illegal drug trade. Illegal immigration has long been a concern to American citizens, however recently debates have reached high intensity due to the rise in the number of illegal immigrants within the United States borders (Axtman). During the mid-1980's, there were approximately 3 million illegal immigrants, while today, that number is estimated at more than 12 million, and continues to rise by roughly 500,000 annually (Axtman). This dramatic rise has created a huge strain on resources of local governments and has impacted communities across the nation (Axtman). For example, Houston, Texas alone has more than 400,000 illegal immigrants, and the number of children enrolled in English as a Second Language class has risen from 12.3 percent in 1994 to more than 17 percent today (Axtman). With this rise in student enrollment has come a rise in ELS teachers, which has risen from 8.9 percent in 1994 to 9.5 percent today, resulting in large demands on local funding (Axtman). Moreover, undocumented outp atients within the Harris County Hospital District increased some 52.8 percent between 2002-2005, "representing a 96 percent increase in cost for services rendered" (Axtman). The public is growing increasingly frustrated as local communities spend tens of millions of dollars per year on illegal immigrants (Axtman). According to Steven Camarota, director of research at the Center for Immigration Studies in Washington, "The impact on health care, public schools, and criminal justice are only going to increase. It doe...

MEDICAL ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICAL ETHICS - Essay Example oral standards when conducting scientific experiments on live subjects, both human and animal subjects, in that certain practices are no longer allowed just for the sake of obtaining some data. It is now a requirement to seek prior approval before conducting an experiment to ensure that no subjects will be harmed and this strict code of ethical conduct has been extended to many clinical trials as well with regards to testing new drugs on people, that consent has been obtained and that full disclosure of potential side effects are made transparent and explained to participants. There are many ethical, moral and legal issues involved in animal testing such as using experimental new drugs on animals. These issues have concerned scientists and researchers alike and also animal rights advocates, who question the value of the data obtained from that kind of research (Watson, 2009, p. 17) while others prefer scientific research experiments should still be conducted but only under strict conditions that met all the ethical criteria (Rollin, 2006, p. 3) and that ethics should be applied in science. This topic is the subject of this brief paper concerning its so-called 3 Rs, namely replacement, reduction and refinement with regards to such experiments. The adoption of the aforementioned 3 Rs was a big step towards ethical considerations on experiments done on live animals. It was put forth by two eminent British biologists in 1960s as a way to treat animal subjects more humanely and acquired the status of an ethics standard. It has been termed as the 3 Rs principle and is discussed here in connection with the experiment on monkeys as observed in the wild and in captivity by scientists researching on the causes of stress. This is because stress is one of the leading causes of death among humans and knowledge gained from studying the troops of monkeys and baboons have great implications for the human species. Along this line, each component of the said principle will be

Strategies and Actions of African American Women to Overcome Essay

Strategies and Actions of African American Women to Overcome Race-Based or Gender-Based Discrimination - Essay Example It is this reinvigorated movement that opened to women the blue-collar jobs and professions that were traditionally reserved for their male counterparts. When it comes to the fight against race-based inequality, it is plausible that women formed a crucial segment of the Civil Rights Movement, with their contribution seen in their volunteering to organizational and grassroots leaders. Indeed, the women created, mobilized, energized, and spearheaded particular efforts in the movements, ostensibly serving as bridge builders to the rest of the society (Epstein 4-6). Women movements worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring about the changes that everyone in the movement sought by taking the advantage of the white elite’s ignorance towards women power. Furthermore, women movements successfully framed oppression and discrimination as a political issue, thereby initiating public discussions on issues that were previously perceived as private, and hence beyond public scrutiny. It is evident that the modern expression of black power stemmed from two distinct, yet superimposed traditions that shaped black political activism before and after the Second World War. For instance, the New Negro radicalism during the 1920s and the subsequent freedom protests that preceded the Great Depression, and the Second World War era precipitated an enlarged vision of citizenship, democracy, and civil rights. While the legislative and legal victories of the civil rights era performed a fundamental role in these struggles. It is the black power that proved decisive in the inauguration of the first generation of black elected representatives (Ellis 46-63). It is also the black power that made the greatest contribution to the production of an eclectic array of multi-themed and multi-ethnic movements of social change.

PHIL 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

PHIL 102 - Essay Example Simply, it is assumed to be a moral good in itself. Kant, a deontologist and philosopher, asserts that there are certain things that people are entitled to do, regardless of their repercussions. For instance, he perceives that people have an obligation of always standing for the truth. It is pertinent for anyone to find their moral obligations via the use of hard logic or reasoning. According to Kant, people begin to instill knowledge of the categorical imperative when they start to question and contemplate on the nature of ethics. Moreover, Kant asserts that acting with regard to morals is practically intricate and should not be easy especially in cases when one has a conviction to do something else. This apparently implies that acting morally may encompass people to act within a state of emotional detachment. For instance, reasons why smokers find it hard to quit smoking knowing that it is a morally wrong act, is questionable. In his categorical imperative, Kant states that moral truth is a concept beyond human experience and it is practically intricate to depend on senses to learn its meaning. In addition to moral truths being priori, they aid people to infer what it actually means to act morally and more so, comprehend why doing something or behaving in a certain manner is a morally good thing to do and this is through use of reason. Kant explains that, reason leads for moral actions but does not follow. Kant argues that the contemporary ethical debate starts with an assumption that a person requires free will for them to be morally accountable. Regardless of the fact that one may do good under instruction, Kant argues this to be a moral accident and not necessarily a moral act. Therefore, to qualify in acting in a truly moral manner, someone ought to choose to execute something by themselves. However, for Sigmund Freud, we cannot ever be completely sure of our actual motives. Moreover, it is

Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Essay The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Also known as the death penalty, capital punishment is the most severe form of corporal punishment. It has been banned in many countries, in the United States, an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment has now been reversed and more and more states are resorting to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder. An Eye for and eye, a life for a life, who has never heard of the famous Lex Talionis? The Bible mentions it, and people have been using it regularly for centuries. We use it in reference to burglary, adultery, love and many other situations. However, some people use it on a different level, some people use it in reference to death. One steals from those who have stolen from him, one wrongs those who have wronged him, but do we really have the right to kill those who have killed. Today, there is a big controversy over capital punishment whether or not it works, or if it is morally right. We have a certain privilege on our own lives, but do the lives of others belong to us as well? Do we have the right to decide the kind of lives others can or cannot live? We find someone guilty of murder and sentence him to death, does that not make murderers out of ourselves? Can justice justify our acts? Those who assist in the death penalty are they not partners in crime? Is the death penalty a Cruel and Unusual punishment or is it now a necessary tool in the war on crime? With the increase in crime and violence in our society, how does the death penalty affect a North American family. Use of the death penalty has declined throughout the industrial Western World since the 19th century. In 1972, movement in America to have the death penalty declared unconstitutional during the landmark case of Furman v. Georgia, which declared the death penalty cruel and unusual punishment. However, after a supreme court decision in 1975, Gregg v. Georgia, which stated capital punishment did not violate the eighth Amendment, executions commenced again under state supervision. (Van der Haag, 1975, 3-4). There are seven main types of execution: Hanging, where the prisoner is blindfolded and stands on a trap door, with a rope around his neck. The trap door is opened suddenly. The weight of the prisoner’s body below the neck causes traction separating the spinal cord from the brain. The second most widely used technique is shooting, where a firing quad shoots the prisoner from some meters away. Another method is Guillotine, a device consisting of a heavy blade held aloft between upright guides and dropped to behead the victim below. Then there was garroting, in which a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person. One of the more recent is Electrocution where the prisoner is fastened to a chair by his chest, groin, arms and legs. Electrodes are placed around a band around the head, then jolts of 4-8 amperes at voltage between 500 and 2000 volts are applied at half a minute at a time. The newest forms of execution are Lethal Injection where a lethal poison is injected into the prisoners arm or the Gas Chamber where the prisoner is placed in a room with Sodium Cyanide crystals and left to die. (Meltser, 1973, 21-26) There are four major issues in the capital punishment debate, the first being deterrence. A major purpose of criminal punishment is to deter future criminal conduct. The deterrence theory suggests that a rational person will avoid criminal behavior if the severity of the punishment outweigh the benefits of the illegal conduct. It is believed that fear of death deters people from committing crimes. Most criminals would think twice before committing murder if they knew their own lives was at stake. That if attached to certain crimes, the penalty of death exerts a positive moral influence by placing a stigma on certain crimes like manslaughter, resulting in attitudes of disgust and horror to such acts. (McCuen, 1985, 11) Studies of the deterrent effect of the death penalty have been conducted for several years, with varying results. Most of these studies have failed to produce evidence that the death penalty deterred murders more effectively then the threat of imprisonment. The reason for this is that few people are executed and so the death penalty is not a satisfactory deterrent. If capital punishment were carried out more it would prove to be the crime deterrent it was partly intended to be. During highly publicized death penalty cases the homicide rate is found to go down but it goes back up when the case is over. (Bailey, 1994, 42) When comparisons are made between states with the death penalty and states without, the majority of death penalty states show murder rates higher than non-death penalty states. The average murder rate per 100,000 population in 1996 among death penalty states was 7.1, the average murder rate among non-death penalty states was only 3.6. A look at neighboring death penalty and non-death penalty states show similar trends. Death penalty states usually have a higher murder rate than their neighboring non- death penalty states. (Death Penalty Information Center) The second issue in the capital punishment debate is retribution. The need for society to express sufficient condemnation for heinous murders. Supporters of the death penalty contend that the only proper response to the most vile murders is the most sever punishment possible. Therefore, society should literally interpret the â€Å"eye for an eye† principle when an individual takes a life, society’s moral balance will remain upset until the killer’s life is also taken. (Block, 1983, 112) Although death penalty opponents disagree society should be able to express its outrage with a vile crime by inflicting capital punishment. They suggest that they are showing outrage for taking a life by talking the life of another. (Bedau, 1982, 88) Use of the death penalty as intended by law could actually reduce the number of violent murders by eliminating some of the repeat offenders thus being used as a system of justice, not just a method of deterrence. Modern supporters of capital punishment no longer view the death penalty as a deterrent, but just as a punishment for the crime, one source said, in recent years the appeal of deterrence has been supplanted by a frank desire for what large majorities see as just vengeance.† (Bailey, 1994, 55) The third major issue is arbitrariness determined by or arising from whim or impulse rather than judgment or reason. â€Å"From the days of slavery in which black people were considered property, through the years of lynching and Jim Crow laws, capital punishment has always been deeply affected by race. Unfortunately, the days of racial bias in the death penalty are not a remnant of the past.† (NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund) Fairness requires that people who break the same law under similar circumstances should meet with the same punishment, however the justice system is not consistent. Statistics show that a black man who kills a white person is 11 times more likely to receive the death penalty than a white man who kills a black person. And blacks who kill blacks have even less to worry about. Its almost like we kind of say, Oh, well, he needed killing anyhow.† (NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund) The fourth debate is the danger of mistake. In the past, there were many people wrongfully executed for crimes that they did not commit all in the name of justice. It has happened that after the execution of the alleged guilty party, the real murderer confessed to elevate his guilty conscience. â€Å"No matter how careful courts are, the possibility of perjured testimony, mistaken honest testimony, and human error remain all too real. We have no way of judging how many innocent persons have been executed, but we can be certain there were some.† J. Marshall (Bailey, 1994, 38) The unique thing about the death penalty is that it is final and irreversible. Since 1970, 77 people have been released from death row with evidence of their innocence. Researchers Radelet Bedau found 23 cases since 1900 where innocent people were executed, and the numbers are growing. With stories of people like Rolando Cruz, released after 10 years on Illinoiss death row, despite the fact that another man had confessed to the crime shortly after his conviction; and Ricardo Aldape Guerra, who returned to Mexico after 15 years on Texass death row because of a prosecution that a federal judge called outrageous and designed to simply achieve another notch on the prosecutors guns. (Death Penalty Information Center) There are safeguards guaranteeing protection of those facing the death penalty. These safeguards are : The defendant can not be insane, and the man’s real or criminal intent must be present. Also, minors very rarely receive the death penalty because they are not fully mature and might not know the consequences of their actions. Finally the mentally retarded are very seldom executed. The reason for not executing the retarded is that they often have difficulty defending themselves in court, have problems remembering details, locating witnesses, and testifying credibly on their own behalf. These safeguards are to try to insure that justice will be served without having it suffer. (Bailey, 1994, 147) It costs up to three times the amount to keep a prisoner on death row than it would be to keep them in prison for the rest of their lives. The expense comes from the long drawn out appeals process that we are giving our criminals, and the court appointed attorneys that the poor are receiving. (Death Penalty Information Center) The death penalty costs the state of North Carolina 2.6 million per execution while it costs the whole nation [United States] 700 million since 1976. And it’s the same everywhere, Florida spent an estimated $57 million on the death penalty from 1973 to 1988 to achieve 18 executions that is an average of $3.2 million per execution. (Miami Herald, July 10, 1988). In Texas, a death penalty case costs an average of $2.3 million, about three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for 40 years. However it is also a form of insurance that the criminal will never commit another crime again. (Death Penalty Information Center) In the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) the death penalty was required for a wide range of offenses, both civil and religious. In the following passages from the King James Version of the Bible, Jehovah required the state to execute a person for murder: Genesis 9:6 states: Whoso sheddeth mans blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man. If sufficient proof were provided that a person had committed a crime, the state imposed the death penalty on the guilty person(s). They were either stoned to death, impaled or burned alive. Witnesses who testified at the trial would often participate in the killing. To their credit, the courts of ancient Israel required very high levels of proof of criminality before they would order the death penalty (Horwitz, 1973, 36) Of course, a person may think it is immoral to kill someone no matter what they have done. When I say it is retributive justice to take the life in turn for the taking of another life, it could be argued that a criminal is not able to learn a lesson since he dies as an immediate result of the punishment. How can this be called punishment if no lesson is taught? In my opinion, the only way for justice to be served is to have the criminal pay with their life, â€Å" an eye for an eye.† Many people believe that capital punishment does not belong in a civilized society. I believe it is needed because we do not live in a civilized society, if we did there would be no crime. We live in a day and age where killing happens everyday, and many get away with it. Those who do get caught, don’t stay in a jail cell for the rest of their live. If we could rig our streets of murderers, it could mean a safer place for everyone. Men and women could feel safer jogging or doing errands at night. Single women could feel safer in their homes. Children could feel safe playing in their yards. No executed murderer has ever killed again. References The Death Penalty in America 256-63 (H. Bedau ed., 3d ed. 1982) E. Van den Haag, Punishment as a Device for Controlling the Crime Rate, 33 Rutgers L, Rev. 706, 719 (1981) H. Gross, A Theory of Criminal Justice 489 (1979) Ehrlich Gibbons, On the Measurement of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment and the Theory of Deterrence, 6 J. Legal Stud. 35 (1977). Bedau Radelet, Miscarriages of Justice in Potentially Capital Cases (1st draft, Oct. 1985) E. Van der Haag, Punishing Criminals 196-206 (1975). C.F. Phllips, The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: New Evidence on an Old Controversy, 86 Am. J. Soc. 139 (1980). Baumgart, R. A. McCuen, Gary E. Reviving the Death Penalty. Madison, WI: Gary McCuen, 1985: 22. Electrocution. Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Grolier, 1993: 113. Clark, Lesley. Florida execution of 350-pound inmate turns bloody. Miami Herald. 10 July 1988.